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美国终于说出了生物技术是大规模杀伤性武器

作者:吕永岩 发布时间:2019-06-25 08:27:46 来源:民族复兴网 字体:   |    |  

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        吕永岩按语:转基因可以作为大规模杀伤性武器,美国对此早有预防,中国转基因专家只说“安全”,不提转基因作为大规模杀伤性武器可以不动声色地毁灭一个国家,一个民族。如今,转基因技术的普及和廉价,连美国情报总监都紧张了。意识到这样下去,随便什么人都可能以极低廉的代价,制造出大规模杀伤性武器,毁灭人类。中国官学研商媒忽悠转基因制高点,原来既简单又廉价。真正的制高点转基因生物防御他们却从来不提。中国数百物种转基因,一旦释放就不是什么转基因技术问题,而是足以毁灭生物多样性、进而毁灭生物链、毁灭人类的战争。到了该警惕的时候了。

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        陈一文按语:美国《麻省理工学院技术评论杂志》:詹姆斯·克拉珀,美国国家情报总监,2016年2月9日,在美国情报界年度世界范围危险评估报告中,将“基因编辑”列入构成“大规模杀伤武器与扩散”的威胁清单。生物技术是一种“双用”技术 --正常的科学发展也可以利用作为武器。科学家们已经推测CRISPR是否可以用来制造“杀手蚊子”、摧毁主要农作物瘟疫,甚至剪切人类DNA的病毒。“我们担心有人可能开发某种有强大功能的病原体,但是我们也担心错误应用的可能性。由于基因组是生命的本质,我们可能发生基因编辑造成的灾难性事故。” 到目前为止,对于改变下一代基因的辩论还主要围绕伦理方面,美国情报界的报告没有说明这样的发展如何可能被考虑为一种大规模杀伤武器,然而,有可能想象某种病毒被设计通过改变他们的基因组而杀害或损害人类。

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Top U.S. Intelligence Official Calls Gene Editing a WMD Threat

《麻省理工学院技术评论》杂志:美国国家情报总监警告:基因编辑是一种大规模杀伤武器威胁

        https://www.technologyreview.com/s/600774/top-us-intelligence-official-calls-gene-editing-a-wmd-threat/#.Vrp7hVy0J-4.twitterby Antonio Regalado February 9, 2016

作者:安托尼奥·拉格拉多 2016年2月9日

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        Antonio Regalado Senior Editor, Biomedicine

  安托尼奥·拉格拉多,高级编辑,生物医药

  Senior editor for biomedicine for MIT Technology Review. He looks for stories about how technology is changing medicine and biomedical research. Before joining MIT Technology Review in July 2011, he lived in São Paulo, Brazil, wrote about science, technology, and politics in Latin America for Science and other publications. From 2000 to 2009, was the science reporter at the Wall Street Journal and later a foreign correspondent.

  《麻省理工学院技术评论》杂志生物药物高级编辑。他寻找技术如何改变药物与生物药物研究的专题。2011年7月参加《麻省理工学院技术评论》杂志之前,他住在巴西圣保罗,为《科学》杂志与其他出版物撰写关于拉丁美洲科学、技术与政治方面文章。2000-2009年,他为《华尔街时报》担任科学记者,后来担任驻外记者。

  Easy to use. Hard to control. The intelligence community now sees CRISPR as a threat to national safety.

  导读:容易使用。难于控制。美国情报界显著将转基因技术“基因编辑”视为对国家安全的威胁。

  That’s according to James Clapper, U.S. director of national intelligence, who on Tuesday, in the annual worldwide threat assessment report of the U.S. intelligence community, added gene editing to a list of threats posed by “weapons of mass destruction and proliferation.”

  詹姆斯·克拉珀,美国国家情报总监,星期二(2月9日)在美国情报界年度世界范围危险评估报告中,将“基因编辑”列入构成“大规模杀伤武器与扩散”的威胁清单。

  Gene editing refers to several novel ways to alter the DNA inside living cells. The most popular method, CRISPR, has been revolutionizing scientific research, leading to novel animals and crops, and is likely to power a new generation of gene treatments for serious diseases (see “Everything You Need to Know About CRISPR’s Monster Year”).

  “基因编辑”系改变生物细胞内DNA的数种方法。其中最为普遍的CRISPR方法,已经革命化科学研究,导致新颖的动物与农作物,而且可能推动严重疾病新一代基因治疗(参看:你应当对CRISPR魔鬼年知道的一切)。

  百度百科:CRISPR

  CRISPR是生命进化历史上,细菌和病毒进行斗争产生的免疫武器,简单说就是病毒能把自己的基因整合到细菌,利用细菌的细胞工具为自己的基因复制服务,细菌为了将病毒的外来入侵基因清除,进化出CRISPR系统,利用这个系统,细菌可以不动声色地把病毒基因从自己的染色体上切除,这是细菌特有的免疫系统。微生物学家10年前就掌握了细菌拥有多种切除外来病毒基因的免疫功能,其中比较典型的模式是依靠一个复合物,该复合物能在一段RNA指导下,定向寻找目标DNA序列,然后将该序列进行切除。许多细菌免疫复合物都相对复杂,其中科学家掌握了对一种蛋白Cas9的操作技术,并先后对多种目标细胞DNA进行切除。这种技术被称为CRISPR/Cas9基因编辑系统,迅速成为生命科学最热门的技术。

  It is gene editing’s relative ease of use that worries the U.S. intelligence community, according to the assessment. “Given the broad distribution, low cost, and accelerated pace of development of this dual-use technology, its deliberate or unintentional misuse might lead to far-reaching economic and national security implications,” the report said.

  依据美国情报界的年度世界范围危险评估报告,“基因组编辑”相对容易使用令美国情报界担心。“考虑到这种‘双用技术’广泛的传播、低成本,及其加速发展的速度,其故意的或无意的误用可能导致影响深远的经济和国家安全影响”,该报称。

  The choice by the U.S. spy chief to call out gene editing as a potential weapon of mass destruction, or WMD, surprised some experts. It was the only biotechnology appearing in a tally of six more conventional threats, like North Korea’s suspected nuclear detonation on January 6, Syria’s undeclared chemical weapons, and new Russian cruise missiles that might violate an international treaty.

  美国间谍首脑选择公开警告“基因编辑”是潜在大规模杀伤武器(WMD),令某些专家吃惊。这是生物技术出现六种更传统威胁清单的唯一与首先一次,它们包括北朝鲜1月6日令人质疑的核爆试验、叙利亚未公开的化学武器,以及可能违反一项国际协议的俄罗斯新型巡航导弹。

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 James Clapper, the U.S. director of national intelligence, oversees spying agencies with a combined budget of more than $50 b illion.

  詹姆斯·克拉珀,美国国家情报总监,监督海外间谍机构,掌管总额超过500亿美元的预算。

  The report is an unclassified version of the “collective insights” of the Central Intelligence Agency, the National Security Agency, and half a dozen other U.S. spy and fact-gathering operations.

  该报告是中央情报局、国家安全局,以及暑假其他的美国间谍与证据收集作业“集体智慧”的非保密分级版。

  Although the report doesn’t mention CRISPR by name, Clapper clearly had the newest and the most versatile of the gene-editing systems in mind. The CRISPR technique’s low cost and relative ease of use—the basic ingredients can be bought online for $60—seems to have spooked intelligence agencies.

  尽管这个报告没有具体提到CRISPR的名称,克拉珀清楚考虑的是基因编辑最新与最最多才多艺的基因编辑系统。CRISPR技术的低成本与相对容易使用 -- 最基本的部分在网上只要60美元就可以买到 --似乎吓坏了美国的情报机构。

  “Research in genome editing conducted by countries with different regulatory or ethical standards than those of Western countries probably increases the risk of the creation of potentially harmful biological agents or products,” the report said.

  “对基因编辑进行研究的国家,其监管与伦理标准与西方国家有很大不同,这可能增加创造潜在有害生物剂或产品的风险。”

  The concern is that biotechnology is a “dual use” technology—meaning normal scientific developments could also be harnessed as weapons. The report noted that new discoveries “move easily in the globalized economy, as do personnel with the scientific expertise to design and use them.”

  这种担心来自生物技术是一种“双用”技术 -- 这意味着正常的科学发展也可以利用作为武器。该报告指出新的发现“可以在全球化经济中很容易移动,设计与使用它们的科学专长人员在全球化经济中也很容易移动。”

  Clapper didn’t lay out any particular bioweapons scenarios, but scientists have previously speculated about whether CRISPR could be used to make “killer mosquitoes,” plagues that wipe out staple crops, or even a virus that snips at people’s DNA.

  克拉珀没有列出任何特定的生物武器场景,但是科学家们以前已经推测CRISPR是否可以用来制造“杀手蚊子”、摧毁主要农作物的瘟疫,,甚至剪切人类DNA的病毒。

  “Biotechnology, more than any other domain, has great potential for human good, but also has the possibility to be misused,” says Daniel Gerstein, a senior policy analyst at RAND and a former under secretary at the Department of Homeland Defense. “We are worried about people developing some sort of pathogen with robust capabilities, but we are also concerned about the chance of misutilization. We could have an accident occur with gene editing that is catastrophic, since the genome is the very essence of life.”

  “生物技术,比任何其他领域,具有对人类好的方面很大的潜力,但是也具有被误用的很大潜力”,丹尼尔·格斯泰因,兰德公司一位高级政策分析员与美国国土防御部副国务卿说。“我们担心有人可能开发某种有强大功能的病原体,但是我们也担心错误应用的可能性。由于基因组是生命的本质,我们可能发生基因编辑造成的灾难性事故。”

  Piers Millet, an expert on bioweapons at the Woodrow Wilson Center in Washington, D.C., says Clapper’s singling out of gene editing on the WMD list was “a surprise,” since making a bioweapon—say, an extra-virulent form of anthrax—still requires mastery of a “wide raft of technologies.”

  皮尔斯·米勒特,华盛顿特区Woodrow Wilson中心的生物武器专家说,克拉珀单独将“基因编辑”挑出来列入“大规模杀伤武器”清单是“令人惊讶”,因为制作一张生物武器 -- 例如,一种额外致命的炭疽病毒 -- 仍然需要掌握“广泛的一系列技术”。

  Development of bioweapons is banned by the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention, a Cold War–era treaty that outlawed biological warfare programs. The U.S., China, Russia, and 172 other countries have signed it. Millet says that experts who met in Warsaw last September to discuss the treaty felt a threat from terrorist groups was still remote, given the complexity of producing a bioweapon. Millet says the group concluded that “for the foreseeable future, such applications are only within the grasp of states.”

  冷战时期达成的将生物战争计划列为非法的世界《生物与毒素武器协议》禁止发展生物武器。美国、中国、俄罗斯,以及172个其他国家签订了这个协议。米勒特说,2015年9月在华沙会晤讨论这个协议的专家们感到恐怖组织开发生物武器仍然遥远,考虑到生产生物武器的复杂性。米勒特说,专家组结论“在可以预见的未来,仅有少数国家有这种应用的能力。”

  The intelligence assessment drew specific attention to the possibility of using CRISPR to edit the DNA of human embryos to produce genetic changes in the next generation of people—for example, to remove disease risks. It noted that fast advances in genome editing in 2015 compelled “groups of high-profile U.S. and European biologists to question unregulated editing of the human germ line (cells that are relevant for reproduction), which might create inheritable genetic changes.”

  美国情报界的评估报告,对使用CRISPR技术编辑人类胚胎的DNA在下一代人类中产生遗传改变 -- 例如,去除疾病风险。报告指出,基因组编辑2015年期间的快速进展,迫使“美国与欧洲备受关注的生物学家群体对创建可继承基因变化的人类生殖细胞系(对生殖相关的细胞)基因组编辑未受监管提出质疑。”

  So far, the debate over changing the next generation’s genes has been mostly an ethical question, and the report didn’t say how such a development would be considered a WMD, although it’s possible to imagine a virus designed to kill or injure people by altering their genomes.

  到目前为止,对于改变下一代基因的辩论还主要围绕伦理方面,美国情报界的报告没有说明这样的发展如何可能被考虑为一种大规模杀伤武器,然而,有可能想象某种病毒被设计通过改变他们的基因组而杀害或损害人类。

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